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This book presents a comprehensive review of the impact of residential design on crime focusing upon research, policy and practice both in the UK and internationally, appealing to both academics and practitioners within the fields of crime prevention, urban planning and architecture, This book reviews the impact of residential design on crime and considers the current, and historic, importance placed upon crime prevention within the planning system. Armitage provides a comprehensive review of policy and practice in planning crime prevention both nationally and internationally. Bridging the gap between design and criminology, Armitage uses opportunity theories to provide practical recommendations for the implementation of design. Enhanced by extensive visual examples, the book promotes a collaborative, long-term approach of designing out crime, conveying the positive impact of design upon the environment and crime prevention. This book will appeal to scholars in criminology, policing, urban studies and architecture as well as practitioners in the role of planning, developing and managing residential housing

Cover -- Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- List of contributors -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Moving home as a flight from crime: residential mobility as a cause and consequence of crime and a challenge to Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design -- 3 "Why my house?" - exploring the influence of residential housing design on burglar decision making -- 4 Using guardianship and situational crime prevention (SCP) to strengthen Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) -- 5 Sharpening up CPTED - towards an ontology based on crime science and ecology -- 6 Simulating CPTED: computational agent-based models of crime and environmental design -- 7 Simulation of dependencies between armed response vehicles and CPTED measures in counter-terrorism resource allocation -- 8 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) in Malaysia: development of a tool to measure CPTED implementation in residential settings -- 9 How to ruin CPTED -- 10 A decade developing the delivery of CPTED across Greater Manchester -- 11 Less crime, more vibrancy, by design -- 12 Conclusion -- Index

Moving home as a flight from crime: residential mobility as a cause and consequence of crime and a challenge to crime prevention through environmental design / Michelle Rogerson and Ken Pease -- "Why my house?": exploring offender perspectives on risk and protective factors in residential housing design / Rachel Armitage and Chris Joyce -- Using guardianship and situational crime prevention (SCP) to strengthen crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) / Danielle M. Reynald and Mateja Mihinjac -- Sharpening up CPTED: towards an ontology based on crime science and ecology / Paul Ekblom -- Simulating CPTED: computational agent-based models of crime and environmental design / Daniel Birks and Joseph Clare -- Simulation of dependencies between armed response vehicles and CPTED measures in counter-terrorism resource allocation / Hervé Borrion, Octavian Ciprian / Bordeanu and Sonia Toubaline -- Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in Malaysia: development of a tool to measure CPTED implementation in residential settings / Massoomeh Hedayati Marzbali, Aldrin Abdullah and Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi -- How to ruin CPTED / Ward A. Adams, Eric S. McCord, and Marcus Felson -- A decade developing the delivery of CPTED across greater manchester / Leanne Monchuk -- Less crime, more vibrancy, by design / Marcus Willcocks, Paul Ekblom and Adam Thorpe

This edited collection provides an original and comprehensive take on retail crime and its prevention, by combining international data and multidisciplinary perspectives from criminologists, economists, geographers, police officers and other experts. Drawing on environmental criminology theory and situational crime prevention, it focusses on crime and safety in retail environments but also the interplay between individuals, products and settings such as stores, commercial streets and shopping malls, as well as the wider context of situational conditions of the supply chain in which crime occurs. Chapters offer state-of-the-art research on retail crime from a range of countries such as Australia, Brazil, Israel, Italy, Sweden, the UK and the USA. This methodological and well-researched study is devoted to both academics and practitioners from a variety of disciplines and backgrounds whose common interest is to prevent retail crime and overall retail loss. The chapters 'Crime in a Scandinavian Shopping Centre' and 'Perceived Safety in a Shopping Centre' are published open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com.--

In order to address the issue of footwear capture from individuals arrested for recordable crime, technology has been developed, which is known as Tread Finder. This technology and development was made possible through Home Office Police Innovation Funding. Tread Finder is now a finished product and the technology has been deployed into a North London custody suite. Tread Finder incorporates the use of a 300 dpi scanner and newly developed software enabling capture, assisted coding and automated geographical crime scene searching. This paper sets out the proposal of a Randomised Control Trial to replicate and upscale a previous lab based experiment into a field environment to assess the cost, efficiency and crime solving benefits realised as a result of deploying Tread Finder technology compared with the previous paper based alternative.

Abstract
Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) represents a multifaceted approach to crime reduction that draws upon theories from environmental criminology, architecture and urban design and requires the commitment of agencies as diverse as police, planners, and housing developers. Its importance as a crime reduction approach has been formalized through strategy, policy, and regulation and its effectiveness has been confirmed in evaluations (see Brown, unpublished data, Pascoe, 1999, Armitage, 2000, Teedon et al., 2009; 2010, Armitage and Monchuk, 2011). Yet there remains a lack of clarity regarding CPTED's definition, scope, and crucially, the fundamental components that form its definition. Conscious of the need for clarity and consistency, this article presents the findings from in-depth interviews with a sample of 10 incarcerated, adult, male burglars and 10 Designing Out Crime Officers in England and Wales. The method was exploratory and inductive, with participants being encouraged to express their perceptions of housing design features and the association of these features with burglary risk. The findings reveal key similarities between the users and abusers of CPTED and confirm (and elevate) the significance of features such as surveillance. However, other features of design traditionally considered as critical to burglary risk are afforded less importance—raising questions regarding terminology, weighting and redefinition.

Access to affordable, safe, effective, and quality-assured medicines by a patient is important for good health outcomes. Unfortunately, there is sparse literature published on the pharmaceutical enablers that may increase the sale of a substandard and falsified (SF) medicine to a patient in Kenya. The review highlights some of the factors that may facilitate the entry of SF medicines into the legitimate pharmaceutical supply chain and discusses their impact on patient access to medicines. Lack of essential medicines in public health facilities is an important factor that may contribute to increased demand for medicine-related out-of-pocket expenses from private health facilities, thus a likelihood for a patient purchasing SF medicine from unlicensed and illegal medicine outlets or unregulated websites. The need to increase medicine availability in the public sector by the Ministry of Health (MOH) is emphasized in addition to the strengthening of public procurement to cushion it from corruption and mismanagement. In addition, the MOH should promote local pharmaceutical manufacturing and implement a medicine pricing containment policy to avoid abuse and prevent overexploitation of patients, increase medicine price transparency, and reduce pharmaceutical supply chain distortion. Recommended regulatory reviews include accreditation of unlicensed illegal medicine outlets to facilitate accountability, regulatory oversight, and active surveillance. The national post-market surveillance regulatory capacity should be strengthened to improve rational medicine use. A 3-year diploma course should be replaced with a shorter 1- or 2-year pharmaceutical support staff training not eligible to superintend a pharmacy. The recommended legislative review includes a mandatory clause to enforce generic prescribing and the implementation of generic substitution by health workers. Unethical manipulative pharmaceutical marketing practices should carry stiffer penalties to deter malpractice. Future research areas include investigation of ...

Anthony Martin Toroitich,1,2 Louise Dunford,3 Rachel Armitage,4 Sangeeta Tanna2 1Trade Affairs Department, Pharmacy and Poisons Board, Nairobi, Kenya; 2Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK; 3Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK; 4Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UKCorrespondence: Anthony Martin Toroitich, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK, Tel +254724065344, Email P2539250@my365.dmu.ac.ukAbstract: Access to affordable, safe, effective, and quality-assured medicines by a patient is important for good health outcomes. Unfortunately, there is sparse literature published on the pharmaceutical enablers that may increase the sale of a substandard and falsified (SF) medicine to a patient in Kenya. The review highlights some of the factors that may facilitate the entry of SF medicines into the legitimate pharmaceutical supply chain and discusses their impact on patient access to medicines. Lack of essential medicines in public health facilities is an important factor that may contribute to increased demand for medicine-related out-of-pocket expenses from private health facilities, thus a likelihood for a patient purchasing SF medicine from unlicensed and illegal medicine outlets or unregulated websites. The need to increase medicine availability in the public sector by the Ministry of Health (MOH) is emphasized in addition to the strengthening of public procurement to cushion it from corruption and mismanagement. In addition, the MOH should promote local pharmaceutical manufacturing and implement a medicine pricing containment policy to avoid abuse and prevent overexploitation of patients, increase medicine price transparency, and reduce pharmaceutical supply chain distortion. Recommended regulatory reviews include accreditation of unlicensed illegal medicine outlets to facilitate accountability, regulatory oversight, and active surveillance. The national post-market surveillance regulatory capacity should be strengthened to improve rational medicine use. A 3-year diploma course should be replaced with a shorter 1- or 2-year pharmaceutical support staff training not eligible to superintend a pharmacy. The recommended legislative review includes a mandatory clause to enforce generic prescribing and the implementation of generic substitution by health workers. Unethical manipulative pharmaceutical marketing practices should carry stiffer penalties to deter malpractice. Future research areas include investigation of medicine prescribing and dispensing practices, medicine consumption studies, medicine price differences within different health sub-sectors, and between licensed pharmacies and unlicensed illegal medicine outlets.Keywords: substandard and falsified medicines, pharmacy practice, regulation, pharmaceutical supply chain

AbstractThis article analyses and critically reflects on the position of problem-oriented policing within England and Wales. Problem-oriented policing is a framework for improving police effectiveness. Its adoption has consistently been shown to be associated with sizable reductions in a wide range of crimes and public safety issues. However, many studies also find that problem-oriented policing is difficult to embed and sustain within police organisations. This article draws on the experiences and perspectives of 86 informed stakeholders to critically examine the position and practice of problem-oriented policing 40 years after its original formulation by Herman Goldstein in 1979. We argue that despite evidence of renewed interest in problem-oriented policing, the approach is not habitually conducted within police organisations in England and Wales. Where it is conducted, the practice of problem-oriented policing is found to lack discipline, the processes tend not to be faithfully followed, and there are weaknesses at all stages of the process. Implications of the findings for future research and police practice are discussed.

From bicycle stands configured to prevent theft to pharmaceutical packaging that thwarts counterfeiters, the authors fuse crime science and design practice to point the way forward for a new generation of crime-proofed objects used in everyday contexts